Microprocessor chronology
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[edit] 1970s
In the 1970s the microprocessors are mostly 8-bit and manufactured with the NMOS technology.
Date | Name | Developer | Max clock (first version) | Word size (bits) | Process | Transistors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | PPS-25 | Fairchild | 400 kHz | 4 | Multi-chip, pMOS[1][2] | |
| 1971 | 4004 | Intel | 740 kHz | 4 | 10 µm | 2,250 pMOS |
| 1972 | 8008 | Intel | 500 kHz | 8 | 10 μm | 3,500 pMOS |
| 1972 | PPS-4 | Rockwell | 200 kHz | 4 | pMOS[3][4] | |
| 1973 | μCOM 4 | NEC | 1 MHz | 4 | 2,500 NMOS[5][6] | |
| 1973 | IMP-16 | National | 715 kHz | 16 | Multi-chip, pMOS[7][8] | |
| 1973 | Mini-D | Burroughs | 1 MHz | 8 | pMOS[9] | |
| 1974 | IMP-8 | National | 715 kHz | 8 | Multi-chip, pMOS[10] | |
| 1974 | 8080 | Intel | 2 MHz | 8 | 6 μm | 6,000 NMOS |
| 1974 | 5065 | Mostek | 1.4 MHz | 8 | pMOS[11] | |
| 1974 | TLCS-12 | Toshiba | 1 MHz | 12 | NMOS[10] | |
| 1974 | CP1600 | General Instrument | 3.3 MHz | 16 | NMOS[12][13][14] | |
| 1974 | IMP-4 | National | 500 kHz | 4 | Multi-chip, pMOS[10] | |
| 1974 | 4040 | Intel | 740 kHz | 4 | 10 μm | 3,000 pMOS |
| 1974 | 6800 | Motorola | 1 MHz | 8 | - | 4,100 NMOS[10] |
| 1974 | TMS 1000 | Texas Instruments | 400 kHz | 4 | 8 μm | 8,000 |
| 1974 | PACE | National | 16 | pMOS[12][15] | ||
| 1975 | 6100 | Intersil | 4 MHz | 12 | - | 20,000 |
| 1975 | 2650 | Signetics | 1.2 MHz | 8 | NMOS[10] | |
| 1975 | PPS-8 | Rockwell | 256 kHz | 8 | pMOS[10] | |
| 1975 | F-8 | Fairchild | 2 MHz | 8 | NMOS[10] | |
| 1975 | CDP 1801 | RCA | 2 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 5,000 CMOS two-chip[16][17] |
| 1975 | 6502 | MOS Technologies | 1 MHz | 8 | - | 4,000 |
| 1975 | BPC[18][19] | Hewlett Packard | 10 MHz | 16 | - | 6,000 + ROM |
| 1976 | CDP 1802 | RCA | 6.4 MHz | 8 | CMOS[20][21] | |
| 1976 | Z-80 | Zilog | 2.5 MHz | 8 | 4 μm | 8,500 |
| 1976 | TMS9900 | Texas Instruments | 3.3 MHz | 16 | - | 8,000 |
| 1976 | 8x300 | Signetics | 8 MHz | 8 | Bipolar[22][23] | |
| 1977 | 8085 | Intel | 3.0 MHz | 8 | 3 μm | 6,500 |
| 1978 | 6809 | Motorola | 1 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 40,000 |
| 1978 | 8086 | Intel | 5 MHz | 16 | 3 μm | 29,000 |
| 1978 | 6801 | Motorola | - | 8 | 5 μm | 35,000 |
| 1979 | Z8000 | Zilog | - | 16 | - | 17,500 |
| 1979 | 8088 | Intel | 5 MHz | 8/16[24] | 3 μm | 29,000 |
| 1979 | 68000 | Motorola | 8 MHz | 16/32[25] | 4 μm | 68,000 |
- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
[edit] 1980s
In the 1980s the microprocessors are 16-bit and 32-bit, mostly manufactured with the CMOS technology.
| Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 16032 | National | - | - | 60,000 |
| 1981 | 6120 | Harris Corporation | 10 MHz | - | 20,000 |
| 1981 | ROMP | IBM | 10 MHz | 2 µm | 45,000 |
| 1981 | T-11 | DEC | 2.5 MHz | 5 µm | 17,000 NMOS |
| 1982 | RISC-I[26] | UC Berkeley | 1 MHz | 5 µm | 44,420 NMOS |
| 1982 | FOCUS | Hewlett Packard | 18 MHz | 1.5 µm | 450,000 |
| 1982 | 80186 | Intel | 6 MHz | - | 55,000 |
| ? | 80C186 | Intel | 6 MHz | - | ? CMOS |
| 1982 | 80188 | Intel | 8 MHz | - | 29,000 |
| 1982 | 80286 | Intel | 6 MHz | 1.5 µm | 134,000 |
| 1983 | RISC-II | UC Berkeley | 3 MHz | 3 µm | 40,760 NMOS |
| 1983 | MIPS[27] | Stanford University | 2 MHz | 3 µm | 25,000 |
| 1984 | 68020 | Motorola | 16 MHz | 2 µm | 190,000 |
| 1984 | 32032 | National | - | - | 70,000 |
| 1984 | V20 | NEC | 5 MHz | - | 63,000 |
| 1985 | 80386 | Intel | 16 MHz | 1.5 µm | 275,000 |
| 1985 | MicroVax II 78032 | DEC | 5 MHz | 3.0 µm | 125,000 |
| 1985 | R2000 | MIPS | 8 MHz | 2 µm | 115,000 |
| 1988 | R3000 | MIPS | 12 MHz | 1.2 µm | 120,000 |
| 1986 | Z80000 | Zilog | - | - | 91,000 |
| 1986 | SPARC | Sun | 40 MHz | 0.8 µm | 800,000 |
| 1986 | V60[28] | NEC | 16 MHz | 1.5 µm | 375,000 |
| 1987 | CVAX 78034 | DEC | 12.5 MHz | 2.0 µm | 134,000 |
| 1987 | ARM2 | ARM Limited | 18 MHz | 2 µm | 25,000[29] |
| 1987 | Gmicro/200[30] | Hitachi | - | 1.0 µm | 730,000 |
| 1987 | 68030 | Motorola | 16 MHz | 1.3 µm | 273,000 |
| 1987 | V70[28] | NEC | 20 MHz | 1.5 µm | 385,000 |
| 1988 | i960 | Intel | 10 MHz | 1.5 µm | 250,000 |
| 1989 | VAX DC520 "Rigel" | DEC | 35 MHz | 1.5 µm | 320,000 |
| 1989 | 80486 | Intel | 25 MHz | 1 µm | 1,180,000 |
| 1989 | i860 | Intel | 25 MHz | 1 µm | 1,000,000 |
- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
[edit] 1990s
In the 1990s the microprocessors were mostly 32-bit. The external RAM speed no longer follow the microprocessor's. So two clocks appears, an external and a faster internal. The internal is the one listed here.
| Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors (M) | Hardware threads per core |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 68040 | Motorola | 40 MHz | - | 1.2 | |
| 1990 | POWER1 | IBM | 20-30 MHz | 1.0 µm | 6.9 | |
| 1991 | R4000 | MIPS Computer Systems | 100 MHz | 0.8 µm | 1.35 | |
| 1991 | NVAX | DEC | 62.5-90.91 MHz | 0.75 µm | 1.3 | |
| 1991 | RSC | IBM | 33 MHz | 0.8 µm | 1.0[31] | |
| 1992 | Alpha 21064 | DEC | 100-200 MHz | 0.75 µm | 1.68 | |
| 1992 | microSPARC I | Sun | 40-50 MHz | 0.8 µm | 0.8 | |
| 1992 | PA-7100 | Hewlett Packard | 100 MHz | 0.80 µm | 0.85[32] | |
| 1993 | PowerPC 601 | IBM, Motorola | 50-80 MHz | 0.6 µm | 2.8 | |
| 1993 | Pentium | Intel | 60-66 MHz | 0.8 µm | 3.1 | |
| 1993 | POWER2 | IBM | 55-71.5 MHz | 0.72 µm | 23 | |
| 1994 | 68060 | Motorola | 50 MHz | 0.6 µm | 2.5 | |
| 1994 | Alpha 21064A | DEC | 200-300 MHz | 0.5 µm | 2.85 | |
| 1994 | R4600 | QED | 100 - 125 MHz | 0.65 µm | 2.2 | |
| 1994 | PA-7200 | Hewlett Packard | 125 MHz | 0.55 µm | 1.26 | |
| 1994 | PowerPC 603 | IBM, Motorola | 60-120 MHz | 0.5 µm | 1.6 | |
| 1994 | PowerPC 604 | IBM, Motorola | 100-180 MHz | 0.5 µm | 3.6 | |
| 1994 | PA-7100LC | Hewlett Packard | 100 MHz | 0.75 µm | 0.90 | |
| 1995 | Alpha 21164 | DEC | 266-333 MHz | 0.5 µm | 9.3 | |
| 1995 | UltraSPARC | Sun | 143–167 MHz | 0.47 µm | 5.2 | |
| 1995 | SPARC64 | HAL Computer Systems | 101–118 MHz | 0.40 µm | - | |
| 1995 | Pentium Pro | Intel | 150-200 MHz | 0.35 µm | 5.5 | |
| 1996 | Alpha 21164A | DEC | 400-500 MHz | 0.35 µm | 9.7 | |
| 1996 | K5 | AMD | 75-100 MHz | 0.5 µm | 4.3 | |
| 1996 | R10000 | MTI | 150-250 MHz | 0.35 µm | 6.7 | |
| 1996 | R5000 | QED | 180 - 250 MHz | 0.35 µm | 3.7 | |
| 1996 | SPARC64 II | HAL Computer Systems | 141–161 MHz | 0.35 µm | - | |
| 1996 | PA-8000 | Hewlett-Packard | 160-180 MHz | 0.50 µm | 3.8 | |
| 1996 | P2SC | IBM | 150 MHz | 0.29 µm | 15 | |
| 1997 | RS64 | IBM | 125 MHz | ? nm | ? | |
| 1997 | Pentium II | Intel | 233-300 MHz | 0.35 µm | 7.5 | |
| 1997 | PowerPC 620 | IBM, Motorola | 120-150 MHz | 0.35 µm | 6.9 | |
| 1997 | UltraSPARC IIs | Sun | 250-400 MHz | 0.35 µm | 5.4 | |
| 1997 | S/390 G4 | IBM | 370 MHz | 0.5 µm | 7.8 | |
| 1997 | PowerPC 750 | IBM, Motorola | 233-366 MHz | 0.26 µm | 6.35 | |
| 1997 | K6 | AMD | 166-233 MHz | 0.35 µm | 8.8 | |
| 1998 | RS64-II | IBM | 262 MHz | 350 nm | 12.5 | |
| 1998 | Alpha 21264 | DEC | 450-600 MHz | 0.35 µm | 15.2 | |
| 1998 | MIPS R12000 | SGI | 270-400 MHz | 0.25 µm, 0.18 µm | 6.9 | |
| 1998 | RM7000 | QED | 250 - 300 MHz | 0.25 µm | 18 | |
| 1998 | SPARC64 III | HAL Computer Systems | 250-330 MHz | 0.24 µm | 17.6 | |
| 1998 | S/390 G5 | IBM | 500 MHz | 0.25 µm | 25 | |
| 1998 | PA-8500 | Hewlett Packard | 300-440 MHz | 0.25 µm | 140 | |
| 1998 | POWER3 | IBM | 200 MHz | 0.25 µm | 15 | |
| 1999 | Pentium III | Intel | 450-600 MHz | 0.25 µm | 9.5 | |
| 1999 | RS64-III | IBM | 450 MHz | 220 nm | 34 | 2 |
| 1999 | PowerPC 7400 | Motorola | 350-500 MHz | 200-130 nm | 10.5 | |
| 1999 | Athlon | AMD | 500-1000 MHz | 0.25 µm | 22 |
- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
[edit] 2000s
In the 2000s the microprocessors clock increase reach a ceiling because of the heat dissipation barrier. Because of this multi-core machine appears. 64-bit processors become mainstream.
| Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors (M) | Cores per die / Dies per module |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Athlon XP | AMD | 1.33-1.73 GHz | 180 nm | 37.5 | 1 / 1 |
| 2000 | Duron | AMD | 550 MHz-1.3 GHz | 180 nm | 25 | 1 / 1 |
| 2000 | RS64-IV | IBM | 600 MHz-750 MHz | 180 nm | 44 | 1 / 2 |
| 2000 | Pentium 4 | Intel | 1.3-2 GHz | 180-130 nm | 42 | 1 / 1 |
| 2000 | SPARC64 IV | Fujitsu | 450–810 MHz | 130 nm | - | 1 / 1 |
| 2000 | z900 | IBM | 918 MHz | 180 nm | 47 | 1 / 12, 20 |
| 2001 | MIPS R14000 | SGI | 500-600 MHz | 130 nm | 7.2 | 1 / 1 |
| 2001 | POWER4 | IBM | 1.1-1.4 GHz | 180-130 nm | 174 | 2 / 1, 4 |
| 2001 | UltraSPARC III | Sun | 750-1200 MHz | 130 nm | 29 | 1 / 1 |
| 2001 | Itanium | Intel | 733-800 MHz | 180 nm | 25 | 1 / 1 |
| 2001 | PowerPC 7450 | Motorola | 733-800 MHz | 180-130 nm | 33 | 1 / 1 |
| 2002 | SPARC64 V | Fujitsu | 1.1-1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 190 | 1 / 1 |
| 2002 | Itanium 2 | Intel | 0.9-1 GHz | 180 nm | 410 | 1 / 1 |
| 2003 | PowerPC 970 | IBM | 1.6-2.0 GHz | 130-90 nm | 52 | 1 / 1 |
| 2003 | Pentium M | Intel | 0.9-1.7 GHz | 130-90 nm | 77 | 1 / 1 |
| 2003 | Opteron | AMD | 1.4-2.4 GHz | 130 nm | 106 | 1 / 1 |
| 2004 | POWER5 | IBM | 1.65-1.9 GHz | 130-90 nm | 276 | 2 / 1, 2, 4 |
| 2005 | Opteron "Athens" | AMD | 1.6-3.0 GHz | 90 nm | 114 | 1 / 1 |
| 2005 | Pentium D | Intel | 2.8-3.2 GHz | 90 nm | 115 | 1 / 2 |
| 2005 | Athlon 64 X2 | AMD | 2-2.4 GHz | 90 nm | 243 | 2 / 1 |
| 2005 | UltraSPARC IV | Sun | 1.05-1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 66 | 2 / 1 |
| 2005 | UltraSPARC T1 | Sun | 1-1.4 GHz | 90 nm | 300 | 8 / 1 |
| 2005 | Xenon | IBM | 3.2 GHz | 90-45 nm | 165 | 3 / 1 |
| 2006 | Core Duo | Intel | 1.1-2.33 GHz | 90-65 nm | 151 | 2 / 1 |
| 2006 | Core 2 | Intel | 1.06-2.67 GHz | 65-45 nm | 291 | 2 / 1, 2 |
| 2006 | Cell/B.E. | IBM, Sony, Toshiba | 3.2-4.6 GHz | 90-45 nm | 241 | 1+8 / 1 |
| 2006 | Itanium "Montecito" | Intel | 1.4-1.6 GHz | 90 nm | 1720 | 2 / 1 |
| 2007 | POWER6 | IBM | 3.5-4.7 GHz | 65 nm | 790 | 2 / 1 |
| 2007 | SPARC64 VI | Fujitsu | 2.15-2.4 GHz | 90 nm | 543 | 2 / 1 |
| 2007 | UltraSPARC T2 | Sun | 1-1.4 GHz | 65 nm | 503 | 8 / 1 |
| 2007 | Opteron "Barcelona" | AMD | 1.8-3.2 GHz | 65 nm | 463 | 4 / 1 |
| 2008 | Phenom | AMD | 1.8-2.6 GHz | 65 nm | 450 | 2, 3, 4 / 1 |
| 2008 | z10 | IBM | 4.4 GHz | 65 nm | 993 | 4 / 7 |
| 2008 | PowerXCell 8i | IBM | 2.8-4.0 GHz | 65 nm | 250 | 1+8 / 1 |
| 2008 | SPARC64 VII | Fujitsu | 2.4-2.88 GHz | 65 nm | 600 | 4 / 1 |
| 2008 | Atom | Intel | 0.8-1.6 GHz | 65-45 nm | 47 | 1 / 1 |
| 2008 | Core i7 | Intel | 2.66-3.2 GHz | 45-32 nm | 730 | 2, 4, 6 / 1 |
| 2008 | Opteron "Shanghai" | AMD | 2.3-2.9 GHz | 45 nm | 751 | 4 / 1 |
| 2009 | Phenom II | AMD | 2.5-3.2 GHz | 45 nm | 758 | 2, 3, 4, 6 / 1 |
| 2009 | SPARC64 VIIIfx | Fujitsu | 2.0 GHz | 45 nm | 760 | 8 / 1 |
| 2009 | Opteron "Istanbul" | AMD | 2.2-2.8 GHz | 45 nm | 904 | 6 / 1 |
[edit] 2010s
| Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors (M) | Cores per die / Dies per module | Hardware threads per core |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | POWER7 | IBM | 3-4.14 GHz | 45 nm | 1200 | 4, 6, 8 / 1, 4 | 4 |
| 2010 | Itanium "Tukwila" | Intel | 2 GHz | 65 nm | 2000 | 2, 4 / 1 | 2 |
| 2010 | Opteron "Magny-cours" | AMD | 1.7-2.4 GHz | 45 nm | 1810 | 4, 6 / 2 | 1 |
| 2010 | Xeon "Nehalem-EX" | Intel | 1.73-2.66 GHz | 45 nm | 2300 | 4, 6, 8 / 1 | 2 |
| 2010 | z196 | IBM | 5.2 GHz | 45 nm | 1400 | 4 / 6 | 1 |
| 2010 | SPARC T3 | Sun | 1.6 GHz | 45 nm | 2000 | 16 / 1 | 8 |
| 2010 | SPARC64 VII+ | Fujitsu | 2.66-3.0 GHz | 45 nm | ? | 4 / 1 | 2 |
| 2010 | Intel "Westmere" | Intel | 1.86-3.33 GHz | 32 nm | 1170 | 4-6 / 1 | 2 |
| 2011 | Intel "Sandy Bridge" | Intel | 1.6-3.4 GHz | 32 nm | 995[33] | 2, 4 / 1 | (1,) 2 |
| 2011 | AMD Fusion | AMD | 1.0-1.6 GHz | 40 nm | 380[34] | 1, 2 / 1 | 1 |
| 2011 | Xeon E7 | Intel | 1.73-2.67 GHz | 32 nm | 2600 | 4, 6, 8, 10 / 1 | 1-2 |
[edit] References
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 57–59, 77
- ^ According to Ogdin 1975, the Fairchild PPS-25 was first delivered in 2Q 1971 and the Intel 4004 in 4Q 1971.
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 72, 77
- ^ Rockwell PPS-4, The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Accessed on line June 14, 2010.
- ^ Ryoichi Mori, Hiroaki Tajima, Morihiko Tajima and Yoshikuni Okada (October 1977). Table 2.2, p. 51. "Microprocessors in Japan". Euromicro Newsletter 3 (4): 50–7. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90111-0.
- ^ NEC 751 (uCOM-4), The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Accessed on line June 11, 2010.
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 70, 77
- ^ National Semiconductor IMP-16, The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Accessed on line June 11, 2010.
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 55, 77
- ^ a b c d e f g Ogdin 1975, p. 77
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 65, 77
- ^ a b David Russell (February 1978). "Microprocessor survey". Microprocessors 2 (1): 13–20, See p. 18. doi:10.1016/0308-5953(78)90071-5.
- ^ Microprocessors - The Early Years 1971–1974, The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Accessed on line June 16, 2010.
- ^ "CP1600 16-Bit Single-Chip Microprocessor", data sheet, General Instrument, 1977. Accessed on line June 18, 2010.
- ^ Allen Kent, James G. Williams, ed (1990). "Evolution of Computerized Maintenance Management to Generation of Random Numbers". Encyclopedia of Microcomputers. 7. Marcel Dekker. p. 336. ISBN 0824727061.
- ^ RCA COSMAC 1801, The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Accessed on line June 14, 2010.
- ^ "CDP 1800 μP Commercially available" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest 2 (4): 1–3. October 1975.
- ^ "Hybrid Microprocessor". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ^ "HP designs Custom 16-bit μC Chip" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest 2 (4): 8. October 1975.
- ^ RCA COSMAC 1802, The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Accessed on line June 14, 2010.
- ^ "CDP 1802" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest 2 (10): 1, 4. April 1976.
- ^ Hans Hoffman; John Nemec (April 1977). "A fast microprocessor for control applications". Euromicro Newsletter 3 (3): 53–59. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90010-4.
- ^ Microprocessors - The Explosion 1975-1976, The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Accessed on line June 18, 2010.
- ^ The Intel 8088 had an 8-bit external data bus but internally used a 16-bit architecture.
- ^ The Motorola 68000 had a 16-bit external data bus but internally used 32-bit registers.
- ^ "Berkeley Hardware Prototypes". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ^ Patterson, David A. (1985). "Reduced instruction set computers". Communications of the ACM 28: 8. doi:10.1145/2465.214917.
- ^ a b Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y (1988). "Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function". Micro, IEEE 8 (2): 22–36. doi:10.1109/40.527.
- ^ The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D: About ARM Architecture
- ^ Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K (1988). "Realization of Gmicro/200". Micro, IEEE 8 (2): 12–21. doi:10.1109/40.526.
- ^ Moore CR, Balser DM, Muhich JS, East RE (1992). "IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC)". Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 200–4. ISBN 0-8186-3110-4.
- ^ "PA-RISC Processors". Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ http://www.anandtech.com/show/4118/a-closer-look-at-the-sandy-bridge-die
- ^ http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/showthread.php?s=75ab046a2a3e7839557c22b89ff1ccd5&p=19470009#post19470009
- sandpile.org for x86 processor information
- Ogdin, Jerry (January 1975). "Microprocessor scorecard". Euromicro Newsletter 1 (2): 43–77. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(75)90008-5.
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